Kandaka — The Sudan Knowledge Platform

Named for the Kandakas — the warrior queens of ancient Nubia — this site brings their spirit of clarity and resolve to today's questions about Sudan. Articles and analysis on the country's economy and development, alongside reflections on its past, culture, and the people who shape its future.

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English
War & Security

War’s scars and hope for healing: Sudanese stories through the art of Amani Azhari

Through her series Healing Sessions, Sudanese visual artist Amani Azhari explores women’s experiences of war... The post War’s …

ReportingNational EN
Sudan News

Journalism in Sudan, now a crime punishable by death

29 October 2026 In a country already ravaged by civil conflict, reporting the truth has now been codified into an offence …

ReportingNational EN
War & Security

UAE sentences eight people to life over arms supplies to Sudan’s army

Defendants handed ⁠life sentences amid tensions between Khartoum and Abu Dhabi over Sudan's war and the RSF.

ReportingKhartoum EN
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العربية
العربي الجديد الحرب والأمن

مسيّرات "الدعم السريع" تفاقم الأزمة بين الخرطوم وأديس أبابا

فاقمت الهجمات بالمسيّرات التي تنفذها "الدعم السريع" الأزمة بين السودان وإثيوبيا، منبئة بالأسوأ، على وقع استمرار الحرب في الخرطوم، …

تغطية صحفيةKhartoum AR
سودانايل صحة

الشراكة المدنية-العسكرية المحتومة والصيغة الخاسرة في السودان

الشراكة المدنية-العسكرية المحتومة والصيغة الخاسرة في السودان: لماذا كان تجنّب التقاسم مع المجلس العسكري في 2019 شبه مستحيل بينما …

تغطية صحفيةNational AR
Sudan War Monitor إنساني

العاملون في المجال الإنساني يصلون إلى أكثر من 17 مليون شخص في السودان بمساعدات حيوية

طائرات مسيرة تستهدف مواقع تعدين في محلية الليري بجنوب كردفان

تحليلKordofan AR
كل الأخبار ←

Digital reading selections

From Nile Bookstore

Nile Bookstore is separate from Kandaka’s editorial work. These clearly identified links are promotional.

Arabic cover of Ancient History of Sudan by Hassan Kamal

Arabic Books & Heritage

Searchable Arabic EPUB editions of literature, history, philosophy and rare works, prepared for comfortable right-to-left reading.

Browse Arabic books →
Authentic cover of Planet Comics number 6

Golden Age Comics

Digitally preserved public-domain adventures, mysteries and superheroes with generous page previews.

Explore the comic archive →
Arabic edition cover of Bulletman number 1

Arabic Comics

Illustrated stories and restored comics presented for Arabic readers in accessible digital editions.

Browse Arabic comics →

Sudan in Images

New photographs are discovered daily; additions are reviewed weekly before publication in Arabic and English. Photo dates appear in titles and captions; historical images do not show current conditions.

Close-up of a stone royal head with a headdress, cobra ornament and carved beard.
A Nubian royal statue: a historical close-up

Steve Evans’s historical photograph of a Nubian royal statue in Sudan. Commons associates the statue with Tabo on Argo Island but treats its identification as Natakamani as uncertain. The record gives 24 February 2005; the exact capture date is not independently established. This unmodified photograph does not document present conditions.

Steve Evans · CC BY 2.0 Wikimedia Commons
A panoramic crop of mud-brick remains at the Western Deffufa.
The Western Deffufa at Kerma, 2009

Walter Callens photographed the Western Deffufa at ancient Kerma on 26 March 2009. This version is a narrow panoramic crop supplied by Wikimedia Commons; it does not show the monument’s full height. The crop is disclosed rather than presented as the complete original photograph. No further cropping or reconstruction has been applied.

Walter Callens · CC BY 2.0 Wikimedia Commons
Two men beside lion cubs on a wooden crate in a courtyard.
Two men with lion cubs in Khartoum, 1911

The Náprstek Museum identifies this 1911 scene as Bedřich Machulka's assistants with lion cubs in the courtyard of his Khartoum home. The men and photographer are not named in the record. The photograph documents a historical captive-animal setting; it is not evidence of present-day wildlife conditions or an endorsement of keeping wild animals.

Photographer unknown; National Museum – Náprstek Museum, Bedřich Machulka photographic collection, Af I 629 · CC BY 4.0 National Museum / eSbírky

Art & Visual Heritage

Weekly artwork selections — New additions are scheduled each Saturday, prioritizing Sudanese artists, with creator credits and source links.

A curated companion to the photo stream: contemporary and historical art, photography, crafts, posters and book arts, with Sudan first and room for the wider world.

Gold ram’s head with curved ribbed horns and a cobra above its forehead

Jewellery · Kush / Nubia

Ram’s-head amulet

Maker unrecorded · About 721–664 BCE

A small gold object from the Kushite period, when Nubian rulers governed Egypt. The Met suggests it probably belonged to a royal necklace and connects the ram with Amun. Its precise origin is uncertain: the museum lists Egypt and Sudan, possibly Nubia, rather than a confirmed Sudanese findspot.

View artwork & source ↗ The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Photograph by Oi-Cheong Lee · Gift of Norbert Schimmel Trust, 1989 · Public domain · Met Open Access · Unmodified

Explore the full collection →

From the Library

All books →
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The Nuba: An Anthropological Study of the Hill Tribes in Kordofan

S. F. Nadel · 1947

Early anthropological study of the Nuba peoples of the Kordofan hills their customs, social organisation, and …

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The Oriental Institute and Nubia

Bruce B. Williams; Lisa Heidorn · 2019

History of the Oriental Institute's century of archaeological fieldwork in Sudan and Nubia.

Read chapter in full book PDF (pp. 358–387; 84 MB)
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Challenges of Agricultural Technology Transfer and Productivity Increase in Sudan

Jeff Carlson

A policy-oriented analysis showing that Sudanese crop yields reach only 30% of research-station potential, …

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