Kandaka — The Sudan Knowledge Platform

Named for the Kandakas — the warrior queens of ancient Nubia — this site brings their spirit of clarity and resolve to today's questions about Sudan. Articles and analysis on the country's economy and development, alongside reflections on its past, culture, and the people who shape its future.

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Latest Articles

Latest News

English
War & Security

Sudan Fact-Finding Mission warns of drone attacks, repression in El Obeid

The United Nations’ Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for Sudan has warned that expanding drone attacks The post …

ReportingKordofan EN
Education

Eight million children out of school in Sudan — teachers warn of looming education …

Eight million children are falling outside Sudan’s education system, the Sudanese Teachers’ Committee says, warning... The post …

ReportingNational EN
War & Security

Sudan war and inflation leave families struggling to survive in Khartoum

Soaring food prices and shrinking incomes force families in Sudan's capital to borrow money and skip meals.

ReportingKhartoum EN
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العربية
العربي الجديد إنساني

الجوع في السودان... توقف المخابز يفاقم حالة الطوارئ الإنسانية

في وقت برزت فيه تحذيرات أكثر من 30 دولة إزاء تدهور الأمن الغذائي في السودان، فضلاً عن خطر المجاعة، دحضت الحكومة الادّعاءات، فيما …

تغطية صحفيةNational AR
الحرب والأمن

السودان يتهم إثيوبيا بتوفير منصة للمسيّرات ويتمسك بحق الرد

الخرطوم 28 أكتوبر 2026 – جددت الحكومة السودانية اتهامها لإثيوبيا بالضلوع في هجمات طائرات مسيّرة استهدفت أعياناً مدنية ومحطات …

تغطية صحفيةKhartoum AR
زراعة

الجفاف و«النينيو».. كيف يؤثران في الموسم الزراعي في أقاليم السودان المختلفة؟

«في العادة، يبدأ الموسم الزراعي في يونيو، إذ تكون معدلات الأمطار جيّدة للغاية، ما يساعد المحاصيل على الإنبات والنمو حتى تصل إلى …

تغطية صحفيةGedaref AR
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Digital reading selections

From Nile Bookstore

Nile Bookstore is separate from Kandaka’s editorial work. These clearly identified links are promotional.

Cover of Meroë, the City of the Ethiopians, featured in Sudan & the Nile

Sudan & the Nile

Explore books on Sudan and the Nile, including John Garstang’s illustrated account of ancient Meroë.

Explore the collection →
Arabic cover of Ancient History of Sudan by Hassan Kamal

Arabic Books & Heritage

Searchable Arabic EPUB editions of literature, history, philosophy and rare works, prepared for comfortable right-to-left reading.

Browse Arabic books →
Authentic cover of Planet Comics number 6

Golden Age Comics

Digitally preserved public-domain adventures, mysteries and superheroes with generous page previews.

Explore the comic archive →

Sudan in Images

New photographs are discovered daily; additions are reviewed weekly before publication in Arabic and English. Photo dates appear in titles and captions; historical images do not show current conditions.

Close-up of a stone royal head with a headdress, cobra ornament and carved beard.
A Nubian royal statue: a historical close-up

Steve Evans’s historical photograph of a Nubian royal statue in Sudan. Commons associates the statue with Tabo on Argo Island but treats its identification as Natakamani as uncertain. The record gives 24 February 2005; the exact capture date is not independently established. This unmodified photograph does not document present conditions.

Steve Evans · CC BY 2.0 Wikimedia Commons
A panoramic crop of mud-brick remains at the Western Deffufa.
The Western Deffufa at Kerma, 2009

Walter Callens photographed the Western Deffufa at ancient Kerma on 26 March 2009. This version is a narrow panoramic crop supplied by Wikimedia Commons; it does not show the monument’s full height. The crop is disclosed rather than presented as the complete original photograph. No further cropping or reconstruction has been applied.

Walter Callens · CC BY 2.0 Wikimedia Commons
Two men beside lion cubs on a wooden crate in a courtyard.
Two men with lion cubs in Khartoum, 1911

The Náprstek Museum identifies this 1911 scene as Bedřich Machulka's assistants with lion cubs in the courtyard of his Khartoum home. The men and photographer are not named in the record. The photograph documents a historical captive-animal setting; it is not evidence of present-day wildlife conditions or an endorsement of keeping wild animals.

Photographer unknown; National Museum – Náprstek Museum, Bedřich Machulka photographic collection, Af I 629 · CC BY 4.0 National Museum / eSbírky

Art & Visual Heritage

Weekly artwork selections — New additions are scheduled each Saturday, prioritizing Sudanese artists, with creator credits and source links.

A curated companion to the photo stream: contemporary and historical art, photography, crafts, posters and book arts, with Sudan first and room for the wider world.

Gold ram’s head with curved ribbed horns and a cobra above its forehead

Jewellery · Kush / Nubia

Ram’s-head amulet

Maker unrecorded · About 721–664 BCE

A small gold object from the Kushite period, when Nubian rulers governed Egypt. The Met suggests it probably belonged to a royal necklace and connects the ram with Amun. Its precise origin is uncertain: the museum lists Egypt and Sudan, possibly Nubia, rather than a confirmed Sudanese findspot.

View artwork & source ↗ The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Photograph by Oi-Cheong Lee · Gift of Norbert Schimmel Trust, 1989 · Public domain · Met Open Access · Unmodified

Explore the full collection →

From the Library

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Consolidating Sudan's Transition: A Question of Legitimacy

Jonathan Tossell · 2020

Policy analysis examining the legitimacy challenges facing Sudan's transitional government after the 2019 …

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Magic Squares in the Tenth Century

Jacques Sesiano · 2017

Islamic mathematical history examining numerical grids and their mystical applications in medieval Sudan.

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Greenlaws: Suakin and the Limits of Architecture

Nancy Um · 2011

Study of architectural conservation limits at the historic coral-stone port city of Suakin on Sudan's Red Sea …

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