Industrialisation

1961 1970 1989 2023 Each plan aborted — 1961 Ten Year Plan, 1970 Six Year Plan, 1977 IMF austerity, 1989 coup, 2023 war In 1791, Alexander Hamilton submitted his Report on Manufactures to the United States Congress. Its central argument was that a new nation could not develop by exporting raw materials and importing finished goods. Wealth was created in manufacturing, not agriculture or trade. The role of the state was to protect infant industries until they could compete — through tariffs, subsidies, and public investment. The United States acted on this report. By the end of the 19th century, it had the highest industrial tariffs in the world and the fastest-growing manufacturing sector. ...

Iman Sharif · Academic paper · Available in the Kandaka Library Sudan’s first post-independence government was not without ambition. The Ten Year Economic and Social Plan (1961–1970) set targets for agricultural expansion, manufacturing development, infrastructure investment, and social services that reflected a genuine attempt to use independence to build what colonialism had prevented. This paper analyses that plan — its design, its early implementation, and its abandonment by 1965 — as a diagnostic of the structural constraints that have defeated every subsequent Sudanese development programme. ...

Khalid Idris · Academic study · Available in the Kandaka Library The most rigorous empirical study of Sudan’s industrial geography available in the Kandaka library. Idris traces the location decisions of Sudan’s manufacturing sector from the colonial period through 1980, using systematic data to show that the geographical concentration of industry in Khartoum was not a natural market outcome — it was produced by deliberate colonial infrastructure investment and perpetuated by post-independence policy failure. ...